The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean located in northern Europe.
The Baltic Sea borders Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Germany.
It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdańsk.
The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal.
The Baltic sea is about 1,600 kilometer (990 miles) long and an average of 193 kilometers (120 miles) wide.
The sea has a surface area of 377,000 square kilometers (146,000 square miles).
The water volume of the Baltic sea is about 21,700 cubic kilometers (5,200 cubic miles).
The maximum depth is 459 meters (1,506 feet) and average depth is 55 meters (180 feet) below the sea’s surface.
The Baltic Sea has shore length of about 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles).
The Baltic Sea’s salinity is much lower than that of ocean water, as a result of abundant freshwater runoff from the surrounding land, combined with the shallowness of the sea itself; runoff contributes roughly one-fortieth its total volume per year.
The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, alleged to be the largest body of brackish water in the world (other possibilities include the Black Sea).
It is known that since 1720, the Baltic Sea has frozen over entirely a total of 20 times – the most recent case was in early 1987.
On average, the Baltic Sea is iced in winter for roughly half of its surface area. The ice reaches its maximum extent in February or March; typical ice thickness in the northernmost areas in the Bothnian Bay, the northern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia, is about 70 centimeters (28 inches) for landfast sea ice. The thickness decreases farther south.
In the late Spring and Summer, following the ice melting, sea temperatures rise rapidly. Around the Danish islands and in the Southern Baltic near Kalinigrad, 10 or 11°C (50 or 51.8°F) in May becomes 17 to 18°C (62.5 to 64.5°F) by August. To the south of Gotland temperatures of 5 or 6°C (41 or 42.8°F) in May becomes about 16°C (60.8°F) in August. In the Gulf of Finland a temperature average of just 1°C (33.8°F) in May rises to 16°C (60.8°F) or higher approaching St Petersburg in August.
The Baltic is a young sea, formed after the last glaciation as the ice retreated some 10,000 years ago.
The Baltic sea drainage basin is roughly four times the surface area of the sea itself. About 48% of the region is forested, with Sweden and Finland containing the majority of the forest, especially around the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland.
The fauna of the Baltic sea is a mixture of marine and freshwater species. Among marine fishes are cod, herring, hake, plaice, flounder, shorthorn sculpin, stickleback and turbot, and examples of freshwater species include perch, pike, whitefish and roach.
Critically endangered populations of Atlantic white-sided dolphins and harbor porpoises inhabit the sea where white-colored porpoises have been recorded, and occasionally oceanic and out-of-range species such as minke whales, bottlenose dolphins, beluga whales, orcas, and beaked whales visit the waters. In recent years, very small, but with increasing rates, fin whales and humpback whales migrate into Baltic sea including mother and calf pair.
Commercial fishing in the Baltic Sea has a long tradition in all surrounding countries. Today, the most important commercially exploited fish species are cod, sprat and herring, with sprat and herring making up around 85 percent of total catches.
In addition to fish the sea also provides amber, especially from its southern shores within today’s borders of Poland, Russia and Lithuania. First mentions of amber deposits on the South coast of the Baltic Sea date back to the 12th century.
Much shipbuilding is carried out in the shipyards around the Baltic Sea. The largest shipyards are at Gdańsk [photo below], Gdynia, and Szczecin, Poland; Kiel, Germany; Karlskrona and Malmö, Sweden; Rauma, Turku, and Helsinki, Finland; Riga, Ventspils, and Liepāja, Latvia; Klaipėda, Lithuania; and Saint Petersburg, Russia.
At the time of the Roman Empire, the Baltic Sea was known as the Mare Suebicum or Mare Sarmaticum.
In the early Middle Ages, Vikings of Scandinavia built their trade emporia all around the Baltic. Later, there were fights for control over the sea with Wendish tribes dwelling on the southern shore.
Because it connects so many disparate areas of Northern Europe, it was the economic core of the Hanseatic League, an economic alliance of the late Middle Ages.
In the eighteenth century, Russia and Prussia became the leading powers over the sea.
World War I was partly fought in the Baltic Sea.
During World War II, Germany reclaimed all of the southern and much of the eastern shore by occupying Poland and the Baltic states.
Since the end of World War II, various nations, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States, have disposed of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea, raising concerns of environmental contamination.
For the first time ever, all the sources of pollution around an entire sea were made subject to a single convention, signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states. The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980.
Political changes and developments in environmental and maritime law caused a new convention to be signed in 1992. The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992, entered into force on 17 January 2000.
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